https://archive.engl.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/812e7f72cf84f638cce4bb435c15027e.zip c3790e4409f4f10a1dca1cc5a472fcab Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Yoon How Archives Shape Perceptions of Women's Labor Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jonah Yoon Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Full digital text available through Project Gutenberg (EBook No. 73921), including the complete second edition of Lucy Maynard Salmon’s Domestic Service with its additional chapter on domestic service in Europe. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Printed book, second edition (1901), published by The Macmillan Company, 5.25 x 7.75 in. approx., with tables, illustrations, and bibliographic notes. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Domestic Service Subject The topic of the resource Domestic labor Book or manual Statistical or administrative record Gender and labor Class and labor Race and labor Archival framing Representation and bias Institutional power Archival silence Early 20th century United States Description An account of the resource Lucy Maynard Salmon's <em>Domestic Service</em> is a 1901 investigation of women's household labor as part of the broader American economy. The book draws on more than a thousand surveys collected in the late 1880s from employers and workers, and documents wages, skills, national origins, living arrangements, and working conditions. The author outlines three major historical phases of domestic labor. The colonial period is when most household work was performed by enslaved people, indentured servants, or the very poor. After the Revolution, when free labor became more common and households briefly imagined themselves as more egalitarian.  By the mid-19th century, new immigrants, especially Irish, German, and Swedish women, entered domestic service in large numbers, making the work more widespread but lowering its social status. Salmon's data shows that most workers lived in cities, worked long hours with limited freedom, and earned an average of about $3.23 per week, often supplemented with room and board rather than full wages. Employers often treated household labor as personal labor rather than paid work, and employers had little power to negotiate conditions. Salmon proposed reforms, including abandoning the term "servant," ending tipping, dividing household tasks into defined roles, and establishing training schools to recognize household management as a skilled profession.<br /><br /><strong>Interpretation Note<br /></strong>Salmon's study plays an important role in understanding how written records define women's labor. By converting lived experiences into surveys, tables, averages, and typologies, Salmon exposes domestic labor as economic labor governed by the same principles as factory or farm employment, which opposes the widespread belief that household work was merely women's natural duty. Yet, her methodology also demonstrates the trade-offs of institutional documentation. The precision of her statistics gives domestic labor new legitimacy, but the process of abstraction can smooth over the emotional, interpersonal, and racial dynamics that shaped daily life inside employers' homes. In this sense, Salmon's work echoes Saidiya Hartman's point about how the archive can make people visible while still muting their voices, since the workers appear as data rather than as narrating subjects. Her historical timeline shows how race and class determined which workers' stories were preserved and which were sidelined. Enslaved Black women, indentured servants, and immigrant workers played a pivotal role in the development of domestic service, yet their voices appear only through employers' accounts or through Salmon's own categorizations. The book demonstrates how genre (in this case, a sociological survey) can validate women's work by recognizing its economic value in the broader national economy, while also repeating the same hierarchies and omissions that define the archive. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lucy Maynard Salmon, 1853–1927 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Project Gutenberg eBook no. 73921, based on the second edition of Domestic Service (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1901) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Project Gutenberg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1901 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Online Distributed Proofreading Team, from images made available by the Internet Archive Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain in the United States. Users outside the United States must check the copyright laws of their country before using this ebook. For full terms see the Project Gutenberg License at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">https://www.gutenberg.org</a> Relation A related resource Original print edition: Domestic Service. Second edition, with an additional chapter on domestic service in Europe. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1901. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/73921/pg73921-images.html">Domestic Service | Project Gutenberg</a> Digitization credits: Produced from images made available by the Internet Archive. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Online text, HTML with images Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Project Gutenberg eBook no. 73921 https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73921 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/73921/pg73921-images.html Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant United States and Europe, late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Domestic Service: Second Edition, with an Additional Chapter on Domestic Service in Europe Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1 online resource (HTML text with illustrations) Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Digitized book Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Salmon, Lucy Maynard. Domestic Service. Second edition, with an additional chapter on domestic service in Europe. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1901. Project Gutenberg eBook no. 73921. Archival framing Archival silence Book or manual Class and labor domestic labor Early 20th century Gender and labor Institutional power Race and labor Representation and bias Statistical or administrative record United States